World History

In this lesson: 

- Timeline 

-  Important Comparisons
- Topics/Ideas that carry over to 1200 C.E. - 1450 C.E.
 

Timeline
570 - 632​: Life span of Muhammad 

618 - 907: ​Chinese Tang Dynasty 

622:​ The hijra
711 - 1492:​ Spain is a Muslim colony 

750 - 1258: ​Abbasid Dynasty
960 - 1279: ​Chinese Song Dynasty
1054:​ Separation (Schism) between eastern and western Christian churches 

1066:​ Norman invasion in England
1096: ​First Crusade

Important Comparisons: 

- Acceptance of Islam 

 ●  Africa vs. Europe
●  Central Asia vs. Southeast Asia
●  Europe vs. Arabian Peninsula 

- Gender Roles:
●  Early Islam vs. Under caliphate
●  Europe vs. Central America
●  East Asia vs. Rest of the World 

- Rise and Spread of Religions
●  Buddhism vs. Islam
●  Hinduism vs. Islam 

- Agricultural Life:
●  Feudal Europe vs Feudal Japan
●  Muslim Spain vs. Feudal Europe
●  Feudal Japan vs. Western Europe 

Topics/Ideas carried over into 1200 C.E. - 1450 C.E. 

● Islam
   ○ The groundwork for different empires, beliefs stretching across the social, political, economic, and cultural aspects of societies ● Gender roles 

    ○ Women having a much lower status after being in power in the beginning of the Common Era 

●  Politics
   ○  Regional and parliamentary governments
   ○  Empires
   ○  Military
●  Technology
    ○  Developed from the Americas and Asia
    ○  New maritime technology
●  Economics
    ○ Trade
●  Culture
     ○ Beliefs and practices of different empires 

In this lesson: 

 -  Timeline
-  Important Comparisons
-  Political
-  Economic
-  Cultural
 

Timeline
1000 - 1200​: Kingdom of Ghana
1000 - 1400​: Swahili Cities of East Africa
1100 - 1400​: Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe
1100 - 1500​: Kingdom of Axum
1200...​: The beginning of Oceanic chiefdoms
1200 - 1400​: The Empire of Mali
1206 - 1526​: Delhi Sultanate
1211...​: Beginning of Mongol conquests
1271 -1295​: Marco Polo travels to China
1279 - 1368​: Yuan Dynasty (Mongols)
1289​: Ottoman Dynasty begins
1304 - 1369​: The life of Ibn Battuta
1325​: The founding of Tenochtitlán by the Aztecs
1330s​: The beginning of Bubonic Plague (Black Death) 1337 - 1453​: The Hundred Years’ War
1300 - 1600​: The Kingdom of Congo
1405 - 1433​: Voyages of Zheng He
1441​: The beginning of the Portuguese Slave Trade in Africa
 

Important Comparisons 

- Mongol Rule in Different Parts of Empire 

●  Russia vs. China
●  Arabian Peninsula
●  Central Asia vs. East Asia
 

- Different presences in the Indian Ocean
●  European vs. Chinese
●  Muslim
●  Persia vs. Eurasia as a whole
 

-Urban Areas
●  Islamic world vs. non-Islamic world
●  China vs. South Asia
●  Central Asia vs. Southeast Asia
●  Europe vs. East Asia
 

- Civilizations in the Americas
●  Mesoamerican vs. Andean
●  Mayas vs. Toltecs
●  Aztecs vs. Incas

Political 

●  Regional Governments
    ○  Each “city” or region has its own government
    ○  Result of feudalism
    ○  Prominent in France
●  Parliamentary Government
    ○ One parliament (group of people) makes decisions along with the monarch 

     ○ English style of feudalism
●  Magna Carta
    ○ Codes of law
    ○ Increased popular representation in the government
●  Conflicts between Church and state
    ○ A rivalry for public attention and importance 

● Centralized Monarchies 

    ○ Monarch operates from one central location 

● Important Empires 

    ○ Mongols
       ■ They had the largest empire, spanning all over Asia and parts of Africa and Europe 

    ○ Tang & Song 

        ■ They had a lot of important inventions such as gunpowder and the lateen sail 

    ○ Kievan Rus’
       ■ Russia’s empire 

    ○ Land-based Empires
       ■ Abbasid (Islamic Empire), Aztec (Brutal leaders), Inca (Integrated people into their empire), Delhi Sultanate (Indian Empire) 

Cultural 

● Crusades
   ○ Christians fighting Muslims for their Holy Land (Jerusalem) 

●  Gothic Architecture
   ○  Stained glass
   ○  Pointed arcs
●  Syncretism
    ○  The blending of two or more religions and/or beliefs
    ○  Neo Confucianism (Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism)
    ○  Zen Buddhism (Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism)
●  Syncretic Languages
    ○  Swahili (Arabic and African Languages)
    ○  Urdu (Arabic, Hindi, and Farsi)
●  Caste Systems
    ○  Classification based on house you are born in
    ○  Example of Hindus: 

• Brahmins: priests, scholars, and teachers 
• Kshatriyas: rulers, warriors and administrators 
• Vaishyas: agriculturalists and merchants 
• Shudras: laborers and service providers 

●  Separate Traditions
    ○  Each empire/region has their own traditions/way of living
    ○  Example: Aztecs 

• Brutal leaders
• Many sacrifices to gods 

Economic 

●  Feudalism
    ○  Political, economic, and social system
    ○  Nobles/landlords give land/privileges to serfs/vassals
●  Increased urbanization because of Eurasian trade
●  Hanseatic League
    ○ Regulated trade in Europe 

● Trade Routes 

   ○  Trans-Saharan Trade 

• Islamic control of North Africa 
• Popular cities become Timbuktu and Swahili Coast 
• Traded mostly gold and ivory 

    ○  Silk Road Trade 

• Connected Europe and Asia 
• Popular cities became Chang’an, Hangzhou 
• Traded silk, porcelain, and textiles 

   ○  Indian Ocean Trade 

• India to the Iberian Peninsula 
• Popular places became Oman and Sultanate of Malacca 
• Traded cotton, spices, and maritime technology (compass, dhow, lateen sail)  

 ●  Dar-al-Islam
   ○  Trading system that spread Islam
   ○  Also led Sufi missionaries to spread Islam in southeast Asia
●  Black Death spread
   ○ Possibly because of trade 

●  New technologies
   ○  Gunpowder and cannons from China
   ○  Astrolab, caravel, and lateen sail
●  Rise of Western Europe
   ○  Because of economic prosperity
   ○  Renaissance: focused on life in the world 

In this lesson: 

 -  Timeline
-  Important Comparisons
-  Political
-  Economic
-  Cultural
 

Timeline
1453​: Fall of eastern Roman Empire 

1464 - 1591:​ The Empire of Songhay 

1492: ​The Reconquest (Spain) Christopher Columbus’ First Voyage to the Americas 

1494: ​Treaty of Tordesillas
1497 - 1498:​ Vasco da Gama’s First Voyage to India 

1517:​ The Beginning of the Protestant Reformation 

1519 - 1521:​ Spanish Conquest of Mexico
1526 - 1858:​ Mughal Dynasty (India)
1532 - 1540:​ Spanish Conquest of Peru
1545 - 1563: ​Council of Trent
1588: ​Spanish Armada are Defeated
1603 - 1867: ​Tokugawa Shogunate (Japan)
1613:​ Beginning of Romanov Dynasty (Russia)
1643 - 1715: ​The Reign of King Louis XIV of France 

1644 - 1911:​ Qing Dynasty (China)
 

Important Comparisons 

- Monarchs 

●  Asia vs. Europe
●  China vs. India
●  Western Europe vs. Africa
●  France vs. England
 

- Empires
●  Africa vs. Asia
●  Asia vs. Europe
●  Africa vs. Europe
 

- Economic systems
●  Europe vs. Asia
●  China vs. Western Europe

-  Western Influence Reactions
●  China vs. Japan
●  South Asia vs. Southeast Asia
●  East Asia vs. South Asia
 

- Labor Systems
●  Slavery vs. Serfdom

- Trade
●  Mughal India vs. Ming China
●  Gunpowder Empires vs. Western Europe
●  Europe vs. Asia
●  Trans-Atlantic vs. Indian Ocean
 

- Interaction with Western Europe
●  Ottoman Empire vs. Russia
●  Gunpowder Empires vs. East Asia
●  China vs. Japan
 

- Gender Roles:
● Western Europe vs. Ming China 

Political 

●  Spain
    ○  Started arriving in the Americas
    ○  Took over the Aztecs and the Incas
●  Portugal
    ○  Mostly arrived in South America
    ○  Started colonizing Brazil
●  Treaty of Tordesillas
    ○ World split up between Spain and Portugal 

●  Absolute Monarchy
    ○  One patriarch has full power
    ○  Biggest example was King Louis XIV of France
●  Parliamentary Monarchy
    ○  In addition to the monarch, a group of people, or parliament has power to make decisions
    ○  Biggest example was in England
    ○  Started the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution
●  Nation
    ○  Mostly in Europe
    ○  What people would call “countries” today
●  North America
    ○ Colonized mostly by England and France 

● Indian Ocean/Indonesia 

    ○ Colonized mostly by the Dutch and Portuguese 

●  Trading Companies
   ○  British East India Company
   ○  Dutch East India Company
   ○  Created new elites
   ○  Men found new job opportunities to gain wealth and prestige
●  Bureaucrats
   ○  Job was to administer provinces
    ○  Examples include:

         ■ Zamindars        ■ Viceroys       ■ Samurai
●  Competition for trading cities
     ○ Colonies fought for control over certain trading cities states 

      ○ Example:
          ■ Portuguese and Ottoman Empires fighting for Oman 

 ●  Ottoman Empire
     ○  Took over Byzantium
     ○  Replaced Constantinople with Istanbul
     ○  Replaced the Hagia Sophia (a church) with a Mosque
     ○  Had Janissaries which were Christian boys captured and enslaved as soldiers (Devshirme system)
     ○  Practiced Sunni Islam
●  Safavid Empire
     ○  One of the gunpowder empires (along with the Ottoman and Mughal India)
     ○  Practiced Shi’a Islam
     ○  Had a rivalry against the Ottomans because of differing religions
●  Mughal India
    ○  Did not practice any specific religion, mostly Hinduism and Islam
    ○  Greatest leader they had was Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar 

• Created din-i-Ilahi which was a syncretic religion of Hinduism and Islam 
• Outlawed Sati (The burning of a widow along with her husband on his funeral pyre) 

      ○  Shah Jahan 

           ■ Built the Taj Mahal as a shrine for his wife Mumtaz Mahal 

● Russian Empire 

    ○ Leaders...
            ■ Ivan III (Ivan the Great) 

                  ● Helped expand the empire 

• Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
  ●  Helped expand the empire
  ●  Sent secret police out to public
  ●  Killed his son 
• Peter the Great
  ●  Helped Westernize Russia
  ●  New economic policies
  ●  New military
  ●  New dressing style 
• Catherine the Great
  ●  Westernized like Peter the Great
  ●  Western Art
  ●  Western Education

● Ming China/Qing China 

   ○  Ming China was taken over by Qing China (People of Manchuria)
  ○  Both tried to stay isolated from Western Europe
       ■ Didn’t want western cultures to affect their own cultures 

● Tokugawa Shogunate (Japan) 

    ○  Isolated like China
   ○  Wanted to integrate western learning in their own education system
       ■ Dutch learning 

     ○  Still traded significantly with European nations at their port in Nagasaki
    ○  Daimyo: landlords, nobles of estates
 

Economic 

●  Encomienda/Mit’a System
   ○  Labor system in Central and South America
   ○  People worked in landlord property in exchange for protection benefits
   ○  Jobs included agricultural work, mining (silver mines in Potosi, Bolivia)
●  Capitalism
   ○  Economic system
   ○  Allows private ownership of property and jobs without government interference
●  Columbian Exchange
   ○  Shortly after Columbus discovered the Americas, trade between the New World (Americas) and the Old World (Europe) began
   ○  The New World gave agricultural products and raw materials to the Old World
         ■ Tomatoes, Pumpkin, Corn, Beans 

    ○ The Old World gave livestock, some agriculture, and disease to the New World 

         ■ Olives, Bananas, Horses, Sheep, Grains, Measles, Smallpox 

●  Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
   ○  Started in Africa
   ○  African nations such as Asante and Kongo traded Africans to Europeans to bring to the Americas
●  Triangular Trade
   ○  Trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe
   ○  Guns and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa
   ○  Slaves from Africa to the Americas
        ■ Middle Passage
            ● 20-25% of slaves died because of starvation, shock or disease from traveling to the Americas from Africa. 

   ○ Raw materials from the Americas to Europe 

●  Impressment, Indentured Servitude
   ○  A form of labor
   ○  A person works for a certain amount of years, and once the years have all gone by they are free
●  Mercantilism
   ○  A principle of trade
   ○  Trade generates wealth, which = power
   ○  Controlled by the government

Cultural 

● Sociedad de Castas 

   ○  Caste system of the Americas
   ○  Peninsulares (Top Caste) 

         ■ Europeans born in Europe 

    ○ Creoles 

         ■ Europeans born in the Americas 

    ○ Mestizos 

         ■ Half-european, half-native 

    ○ Mulattos 

         ■ Half-european, half-african 

    ○ Native people 

         ■ Born in the Americas, fully native 

   ○ Africans (Bottom Caste) 

         ■ Fully African regardless of place of birth 

● Protestant Reformation 

    ○  When Martin Luther, a German monk, released the 95 Theses of why the Church is not a good place
   ○  At that time, there were indulgences offered by the Pope, people would pay money for forgiveness of their sins
   ○  This started new protestant religions 

• Lutheran church 
• Anglican church 

                          ● Started by King Henry VIII of England because he wanted to get a divorce from his wife and the Roman Catholic church denied it. 

                    ■ Calvinism 

● Scientific Revolution 

   ○  The idea that the world functions according to science
  ○  People started using scientific reasoning rather than fantasy and magic
  ○  Galileo Galilei
        ■ Heliocentric theory - The sun is the center of the solar system, not the earth 

   ○ William Harvey
        ■ Circulatory system - The heart pumps out blood through your whole body 

   ○ Issac Newton
       ■ Laws of motion - Gravity, etc. 

● Enlightenment
   ○  Human reason to improve society
   ○  John Locke 

• Every person deserves life, liberty, and property. 
• His philosophy was later used by Thomas Jefferson when the Declaration of Independence 

    ○  Adam Smith
       ■ Laissez Faire economics - the government should not interfere in economics 

    ○ Mary Wollstonecraft
       ■ Women’s rights activist 

In this lesson: 

-  Timeline
-  Important Comparisons
-  Political
-  Economic
-  Cultural 

Timeline 

1750s​: Industrial Revolution begins in England
1756 - 1763​: Seven Years’ War
1768 - 1780​: Captain James Cook makes voyages in the Pacific Ocean 

1775 - 1781​: American Revolution
1788​: First European colony in Australia is founded
1789 - 1799​: French Revolution
1793 - 1804​: Haitian Revolution
1799 - 1814​: Napoleon Bonaparte in power
1805 - 1848​: Muhammad Ali rules in Egypt
1807​: British slave trade ends
1810 - 1825​: Latin American Independence wars
1814 -1815​: Congress of Vienna
1839 - 1842​: China’s Opium War
1839 - 1876​: Tanzimet era
1848​: The ​Communist Manifesto ​is published
1850 - 1864​: Taiping Rebellion
1854​: Matthew Perry’s Trip to Tokyo
1857​: Sepoy Rebellion
1861​: Abolition of serfdom in Russia
1861 - 1865​: United States Civil War
1865​: The U.S. abolishes slavery
1868​: The Dominion of Canada is established
1869​: The Meiji Restoration in Japan
1870​: Unification of Italy
1871​: Unification of Germany
1884 - 1885​: Berlin Conference
1888​: Brazil abolishes slavery
1898 - 1899​: Spanish-American War
1899 - 1902​: Boer War 

Important Comparisons 

- Industrial Revolution 

●  Europe vs.
●  Russia vs.
●  Japan
 

- Revolutions
●  American vs.
●  French vs.
●  Haitian
 

- Responses to Western influence
●  Japan vs.
●  China vs.
●  India vs.
●  The Ottoman Empire
 

- Nationalism
●  Italy vs. Germany
●  Austrian Empire vs. Russia
 

- Imperialism
●  Africa vs. India
●  Africa vs. Latin America
 

- Role of European Women
●  Upper/Middle class vs. Lower class
 

Trade
●  Atlantic vs Indian Ocean
●  Western Europe vs. Ottoman Empire 

Political 

● Industrialization
   ○ Meiji Restoration (Japan) 

         ■ Ended feudalism and added a centralized government 

    ○  Russian industrialization 

• Trans-Siberian railroad was created 
• The railroad stretched from eastern Europe to Siberia 
• Banking system improved 

    ○  Ottoman Empire 

• Strict Sharia Law which led to the Wahhabi rebellion which led to the Tanzimat Reforms which regulated trade and established a constitution 
• However, after the reforms were made the empire went back to adhering to the Sharia Law, and they lost their constitution. 
• That led to the Young Turks being formed, and they wanted the constitution back 

● Population
   ○  Population Revolution 

• Population spiked because of increased agriculture 
• The most important crop was the potato because it grew year round 

      ○  Because of the continuation of imperialism, there was more immigration, for example: people from Portugal began settling down in Brazil 

● Revolutions
     ○ American Revolution
         ■ Using John Locke’s beliefs of life, liberty, and property, the Americans declared independence from Britain  

      ○ French Revolution

• There was no absolute monarchy  
• Reign of terror, which was a radical movement that involved killing people mercilessly 
• Maximilian Robespierre
  ● Leader of the radical movement 

             ■ Napoleon Bonaparte 

                   ● Ended the French Revolution, but then became a dictator 

       ○ Haitian Revolution 

• A successful slave rebellion 
• Led by Toussaint L’overture 
• Freedom from France 

       ○  Mexican Revolution 

• Led by Father Miguel de Hidalgo
• Used the Haitian as inspiration 
• Freedom from Spain 

       ○  Northern South America 

• Led by Simon Bolivar 
• Established Gran Colombia which consists of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador 
• Freedom from Spain 

       ○  Southern South America 

• Led by Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin 
• Freedom from Spain 

       ○  Brazil
            ■ Dom Pedro declared Brazil independent from Portugal 

● China and Tea 

   ○  Qing China was known for their luxury good such as tea and textiles
  ○  Britain wanted to acquire some of their tea, but China refused to trade with them
  ○  Britain smuggled the opium drug into China and people get addicted to it
  ○  This began the Opium War 

• China lost because they has much fewer resources than Britain 
• China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing which gave extraterritorial rights (the British don’t have to follow Chinese law) and a trading port in Hong Kong to Great Britain 

    ○  That led to the Spheres of Influence being created, China was split into five parts and given to different countries to trade
   ○  This led to the Taiping Rebellion, which pushed for social reform
   ○  There was a self-strengthening movement in response, and it was soon shut down by Empress Cixi
   ○  This finally led to the Boxer Rebellion which was against foreign influence 

● United States

    ○  1823 - Monroe Doctrine signed, stated that the U.S. has control of all land in the Americas, and will take it as a personal offense if anyone tries to invade the land.
   ○  Manifest destiny - The belief that the U.S. should expand from the Atlantic to the  Pacific 

● Africa
    ○  The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade ended in 1867
    ○  During the Berlin Conference in 1884, all the nations in Africa except for Ethiopia and Liberia were divided up between European and Asian nation
    ○ The Dutch took over all of South Africa as a part of their great trek for land 

●  British Raj
    ○ The British took their East India Company and quickly changed it into a colony due to the decline of the Mughal Empire
    ○ In the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, Indian soldiers rebelled against the British because they believed that cow grease was being used as ammunition and the cow is the sacred animal of India
●  1898 Spanish-American War
    ○ Puerto Rico and Guam given to the Americas 

●  1846 Mexican-American War
    ○  Gave California and the southwest states to America
    ○  A part of manifest destiny
●  The Congress of Vienna in 1815
    ○ Placed a European balance of power, establishing equal lands and creating Switzerland 

Economic 

● The Industrial Revolution 

   ○  Built on innovations in agriculture
  ○  Started with James Watt’s steam engine in England (1765)
  ○  England’s factors of production since they had a growing position in global trade 

        ■ Labor, economy and entrepreneurship 

    ○  Laissez Faire economics used
   ○  Enclosure movement: A result of increased agricultural productivity
   ○  Factory system: Had strict and bad conditions, had an assembly line
●  Agricultural products in the Americas
   ○  Cuba had tobacco and sugar
   ○  Brazil had sugar and coffee
   ○  Mexico had copper and silver
   ○  Peru had guano (which is fertilizer made of the excrement seabirds and bats)
●  Economic Imperialism: The exertion of economic influence
    ○  The nations used their colonies to further grow their economy
   ○  Present in Hawaii, Latin America, and India
 

Cultural 

● Romanticism
  ○ The idea of emotion over reason 

● Gender roles 

   ○  Feminism started growing
  ○  Women began to gain more rights 

● Marxism
○  Practices the theory of communism
 ○  A way to organize society
 ○  Believes in capitalism
● Social Darwinism 

   ○  Charles Darwin had a theory of natural selection, which was tested on birds, and proved that all animals are in a race of survival of the fittest.
  ○  Social Darwinism was adapted from this and stands by the idea that whites are the most superior race and the other races have to survive to be alongside them
   ○  This was not an idea of Charles Darwin, and he did not intend for his theory to be used in this way 

In this lesson:

-  Timeline
-  Important Comparisons
-  Political
-  Economic
-  Cultural 

Timeline 

1904 - 1905: ​Russo-Japanese War 

1905​: Russian Revolution of 1905 

1908​ ​- 1918​: Young Turks
1910 - 1920​: Mexican Revolution 

1911 - 1912​: Chinese Revolution 

1914​: Opening of Panama Canal 

1914 - 1918​: World War I 

1917​: Bolshevik Revolution 

1918​: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 

1918 - 1919​: Influenza Pandemic 

1918 - 1920​: Russian Civil War 1

919​: Treaty of Versailles , May Fourth Movement (China) 

1923​: End of Ottoman Empire , Republic of Turkey Established
1928​ - 1932: First of Stalin’s Five-Year Plans
1929​: Beginning of the Great Depression
1931​: Japanese Invade Manchuria
1933​: Hitler’s Rise to Power (Germany)
1935​: Government of India Act
1937​: Japanese Invasion on China
1939​: German Invasion of Poland
1945​: Atomic Bombs Dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, End of World War II 

1947​: Truman Doctrine , Indian Partition 

1948​: Marshall Plan , Creation of Israel , Universal Declaration of Human Rights 

1949​: Division of Germany , NATO Established , People’s Republic of China Established 

1950 - 1953​: Korean War 

1954​: Division of Vietnam 

1955​: Warsaw Pact
1956​: Suez Crisis , Soviet Invasion of Hungary
1957​: Ghana Gain Independence
1958 - 1961​: Great Leap Forward (China) 

1959​: Cuban Revolution
1960​: OPEC Established
1961​: Berlin Wall Constructed
1962​: Cuban Missile Crisis
1964​: Sino-Soviet Rift
1967​: European Community Established 

1968​: Prague Spring
1972​: Beginning of détente , Arab-Israeli War 

1975​: Fall of Vietnam 

1979​: Iranian Revolution
1980​ ​- 1988​: Iran-Iraq War
1989​: Fall of the Berlin Wall
1990:​ The Reunification of Germany 

1990 - 1991: ​Gulf War
1991:​ Fall of the Soviet Union , End of Cold War 

1933:​ NAFTA Established 

1995:​ World Trade Organization Established 

1997:​ Transfer of Hong-Kong to China 

2001:​ Terrorist Attacks on the United States 

2003:​ U.S. Coalition-Iraq War 

2008 - 2010:​ Global economic crisis 

2010 - 2011:​ Arab Spring Protests 2011:​ Rise of ISIS
2014: ​Russian annexation of Crimea 

2016:​ Migrations of Syrian Refugees 

2016:​ Brexit 

Important Comparisons 

- Post-war Governments
● Western nations vs. Soviet bloc 

- Decolonization
● Africa vs. India 

- Effects of wars
● Effects of WWI vs. WWII 

- Effects of revolutions
● Effects of Russian Revolution vs. Chinese Revolution 

- Reactions
● Western vs. non-Western nations to consumer society in the U.S. 

- Female roles
● China vs. West 

- Immigration patterns
● Eastern vs. Western Hemisphere 

- Economic development patterns 

● Africa vs. Latin America Global trade
● Pacific Rim vs. West 

- Political/economic standing of Russia
● Before Communism vs. After Communism 

SPICE Chart: This will help you compare the political, economic, and cultural topics of this time period effectively
S - Social
P - Political
I - Interaction with Environment 

C - Cultural 

E - Economic 

**To view the chart, download the PDF version of these notes above**