Social Studies

In this lesson: 

 -  Causes of the Revolutionary War
-  1776-1777: Declaration of Independence
-  1777-1778: Turning Point in Saratoga
-  1778-1781: War in the North and South
-  1781-1783: Ending of the Revolutionary War
 

Causes of the Revolutionary War:
●  There had been ​tensions between the American colonists and Great Britain for over 10 years
●  Great Britain​ raised taxes in order to raise revenue
     ○  Stamp Act - 1765
     ○  Townshend Acts - 1767
●  1770 - Boston Massacre: ​Protest by colonists led the British to brutally kill 5 people
●  1773 - Boston Tea Party: ​Several Bostinans dropped about 350 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor
 

1776-1777: Declaration of Independence:
●  1774: ​George Washington, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and John Jay meet to discuss their complaints against the British. They ​consider taking action against them.
●  April 18th, 1775: ​Paul Revere and his men realize that the ​British are mobilizing their troops and beginning to attack, which led to the battles of Lexington, Concord, and Massachusetts.
●  July 4th, 1776: The declaration of independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin.
     ○ This officially ​began the U.S. Revolutionary War against Great Britain​. 

1777-1778: Turning Point in Saratoga:
● 1777:​ The British strategy was to ​divide their attacks between New England and the rest of their colonies. 

     ○ This strategy worked for a while, including the fight at Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania, however, the British began moving towards the other colonies very quickly, leaving one of their armies exposed in Saratoga, New York. 

      ○ The Americans used this chance, and defeated the British in two Battles of Saratoga. 

● September 19th, 1777: The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution​ because it ​gave France the opportunity to enter the war on the American side and to declare war on Great Britain. 

     ○ This causes the ​Revolutionary War to become a world affair. 

1778-1781: War in the North and South: 

●  1778: ​The ​northern colonies were trained and disciplined by a Prussian military officer sent by the French, Baron Frederich von Steuben.
●  1779 - 1781: ​The Americans​ suffered many defeats from the British ​in their southern colonies
●  January 17th 1781: ​The Americans ​defeated the British under General Daniel Morgan in Cowpens, South Carolina

1781-1783: Ending of the Revolutionary War:
●  1781:​ Although the Americans were having large victories, such as in the Battle of Yorktown, a ​decisive victory was not seen​.
●  Late 1782: ​The ​British removed their troops from Charleston and Savannah​, implying that the war was over.
●  September 3rd 1783: The Treaty of Paris was signed, formally giving the U.S. independence from Great Britain.
 

In this lesson... 

- President
- All 46 Presidents of the United States with 

    -  Life Span
   -  Years in Office (Terms)
    -  Political Party 

President:​ An elected leader of a republic
     - The United States is a Constitutional Republic 

1. George Washington 

1. Life Span: ​February 22, 1732 - December 14, 1799 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1789 -1797 
3. Political Party:​ N/A (first term); Federalist (second term)
    

2. John Adams 

1. Life Span: ​October 30, 1735 - July 4, 1826 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1797-1801 
3. Political Party: ​Federalist
    

3. Thomas Jefferson 

1. Life Span: ​April 13, 1743 - July 4, 1826 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1801-1809 
3. Political Party: ​Republican
    

4. James Madison 

1. Life Span: ​March 16, 1751 - June 28, 1836 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1809-1817 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

5. James Monroe 

1. Life Span: ​April 28, 1758 - July 4, 1831 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1817-1825 
3. Political Party: ​Republican
   

6. John Quincy Adams 

1. Life Span: ​July 11, 1767 - February 23, 1848 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1825-1829 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

7. Andrew Jackson 

1. Life Span: ​March 15, 1767 - June 8, 1845 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1829-1837 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

8. Martin Van Buren 

1. Life Span: ​December 5, 1782 - July 24, 1862 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1837-1841 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

9. William Henry Harrison 

1. Life Span: ​February 9, 1773 - April 4, 1841 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1841 
3. Political Party:​ Whig
    

10. John Tyler 

1. Life Span: ​March 29, 1790 - January 18, 1862 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1841-1845 
3. Political Party:​ None
    

11. James K. Polk 

1. Life Span: ​November 2, 1795 - June 15, 1849 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1845-1849
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

12. Zachary Taylor 

1. Life Span: ​November 24, 1784 - July 9, 1850 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1849-1850 
3. Political Party:​ Whig 

13. Millard Fillmore 

1. Life Span: ​January 9, 1800 - March 8, 1874 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1850-1853 
3. Political Party: ​Whig
   

14. Franklin Pierce 

1. Life Span: ​November 23, 1804 - October 8, 1869 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1853-1857 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

15. James Buchanan 

1. Life Span: ​April 23, 1721 - June 1, 1868 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1857-1861 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

16. Abraham Lincoln 

1. Life Span: ​February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1861-1865 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

17. Andrew Johnson 

1. Life Span: ​December 29, 1808 - July 31, 1875 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1865-1869 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

18. Ulysses S. Grant 

1. Life Span: ​April 27, 1822 - July 23, 1885 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1869-1877 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

19. Rutherford B. Hayes 

1. Life Span: ​October 4, 1822 - January 17, 1893 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1877-1881 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

20. James Garfield 

1. Life Span: ​November 19, 1831 - September 19, 1881 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1881 
3. Political Party: ​Republican
    

21. Chester A. Arthur 

1. Life Span: ​October 5, 1829 - November 18, 1886 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1881-1885 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

22. Grover Cleveland 

1. Life Span: ​March 18, 1837 - June 24, 1908 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1885-1889 
3. Political Party: ​Democratic
    

23. Benjamin Harrison 

1. Life Span: ​August 20, 1833 - March 13, 1901 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1889-1893 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

24. Grover Cleveland 

1. Life Span: ​March 18, 1837 - June 24, 1908 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1893-1897 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

25. William McKinley 

1. Life Span: ​January 29, 1843 - September 14, 1901 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1897-1901 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

26. Theodore Roosevelt 

1. Life Span: ​October 27, 1858 - January 6, 1919 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1901-1909 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

27. William Howard Taft

1. Life Span: ​September 15, 1857 - March 8, 1930
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1909-1913 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

28. Woodrow Wilson 

1. Life Span: ​December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1913-1921 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

29. Warren G. Harding 

1. Life Span: ​November 2, 1865 - August 2, 1923 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1921-1923 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

30. Calvin Coolidge 

1. Life Span: ​July 4, 1872 - January 5, 1933 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1923-1929 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

31. Herbert Hoover 

1. Life Span: ​August 10, 1874 - October 20, 1964 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1929-1933 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

32. Franklin D. Roosevelt 

1. Life Span: ​January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1933-1945 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

33. Harry S. Truman 

1. Life Span: ​May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1945-1953
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

34. Dwight D. Eisenhower 

1. Life Span: ​October 14, 1890 - March 28, 1969 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1953-1961
3.  Political Party:​ Republican
   

35. John F. Kennedy 

1. Life Span: ​May 29, 1917 - October 22, 1963 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1961-1963 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

36. Lyndon B. Johnson 

1. Life Span: ​August 27, 1908 - January 22, 1973 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1963-1969 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

37. Richard M. Nixon 

1. Life Span: ​January 9, 1913 - April 22, 1994 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1969-1974 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

38. Gerald R. Ford 

1. Life Span: ​July 14, 1913 - December 26, 2006 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1974-1977 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

39. James Carter 

1. Life Span: ​October 1, 1924 - Present 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​1977-1981 
3. Political Party: ​Democratic
    

40. Ronald Reagan 

1. Life Span: ​February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1981-1989 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

41. George H. W. Bush 

1. Life Span: ​June 12, 1924 - Present 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1989-1993 
3. Political Party:​ Republican
    

42. William J. Clinton 

1. Life Span: ​August 19, 1946 - Present 
2. Years in Office (Terms):​ 1993-2001 
3. Political Party:​ Democratic
    

43. George W. Bush 

1. Life Span: ​July 6, 1946 - Present 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​2001-2009 
3. Political Party: ​Republican
    

44. Barack Obama 

1. Life Span: ​August 4, 1961 - Present 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​2009-2016 
3. Political Party: ​Democratic
    

45. Donald J. Trump 

1. Life Span: ​June 14, 1946 - Present 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​2016 - 2020 
3. Political Party: ​Rebublican 

46. Joseph R. Biden 

1. Life Span: ​November 20, 1942 - Present 
2. Years in Office (Terms): ​2020 - Present 
3. Political Party: ​Democratic

In this lesson: 

-  Native Americans
-  European Invasion
-  Arctic
-  Subarctic
-  Northeast
-  Southeast
-  Plains
-  Southwest
-  Great Basin
-  California
-  Northwest Coast
-  Plateau
 

Native Americans ​- indigenous people of the Americas 

European Invasion​ - after the Europeans had infiltrated the Americas they conquered and killed several Native Americans, causing the rest of the Native American population to move from rural area to rural area, trying to survive. 

Arctic 

●  Cold, flat, and treeless (Arctic Circle)
●  Tribes: Innuit, Aleut
●  Population is low
●  Popular animals are seals, polar bears, and other animals that migrated across the tundra
●  Tribes live in dome-shaped houses made of sod, timer, or ice blocks
●  They use seal and otter skins to make warm and versatile clothing. 

Subarctic
●  A swampy, piney, forest; waterlogged tundra
●  Across Alaska and Canada
●  Tribes: Tsattine, Gwich’in, Deg Xinag, Cree, Ojibwa, Naskapi
●  Travelling is difficult because of poor means of transportation
●  People live in mobile tents
●  The way of life was fur trade, but is now hunting and gathering 

Northeast 

●  Mild weather
●  North Carolina to Mississippi River Valley
●  Tribes: ​Cayuga, Oneida, Erie, Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora​, ​Pequot, Fox, Shawnee, Wampanoag, Delaware, and Menominee
●  Politically stable villages
●  Main crops are corn, beans, and vegetables
●  Culture has a lot of conflict because the tribes are usually aggressive and war-like, they
rioted against the Europeans
 

Southeast
●  Humid and fertile
●  North of the gulf of Mexico and South of the northeast
●  Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole
●  Had several expert farmers that grew crops such as maize, beans, squash, tobacco, and sunflower
●  By the time the U.S. had won independence in 1776, several native people had died because of disease and displacement.
●  The Federal Indian Removal Act caused a 100 thousand Indians to move to Oklahoma, this was called “The Trail of Tears”
 

Plains
●  Mild weather
●  Between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains
●  Tribes: ​Crow, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Comanche and Arapaho
●  Were hunters and farmers before they got relocated by the Europeans, became nomadic after
●  They had to move onto government reservations because they weren’t able to make money off of buffalo (the white hunters had exterminated the buffalo)
 

Southwest
●  Humid desert region
●  Present day Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Utah, Texas, and Mexico
●  Tribes: Hopi, Zuni, Yaqui, Yuma, Navajo, and Apache
●  Either grew crops, such as corn, beans, and squash, or they hunted
●  Houses were less permanent, called Hogans, and they were made out of mud and bark
●  They became enslaved by the Spanish colonists 

Great Basin 

●  Barren wasteland of deserts, salt flats and lakes
●  Formed by the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Columbia Plateau, and Colorado Plateau
●  Tribes: Bannock, Paiute and Ute
●  They grew roots, seeds, and nuts
●  They hunted lizards, snakes, and small mammals
●  They lived in wikiups, made out of willow poles or saplings
●  They were forced to move by the Europeans after gold and silver were discovered in their region.
 

California
●  Mild - humid climate
●  It had 300,000 people, so over a hundred different tribes
●  It had more than 200 dialects
●  Its linguistic landscape was more complex than Europe
●  They were hunter gatherers
●  In 1769, Juni Pero Serra started a brutal period of forced labor and disease involving the native people in San Diego 

Northwest Coast
●  From British Columbia to the top of Northern California
●  Mild climate
●  Tribes: ​Athapaskan Haida and Tlingit; the Penutian Chinook, Tsimshian and Coos; the Wakashan Kwakiutl and Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka); and the Salishan Coast Salish
●  They ate seafood
●  There were permanent villages/houses
●  A person’s status is determined by closeness to the village chief and number of possessions
 

Plateau
●  Fertile land
●  Present day Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington state
●  Tribes: ​Nez Perce, Flathead, Kutenai, Palus, Coeur D'Alene, Cayuse, and Kalispel
●  People survived by fishing, hunting, and gathering berries, roots, and nuts
●  They integrated animals into their economy by expanding the radius of their hunting and
becoming traders
●  The population either got resettled in government reservations or died due to disease 

In this lesson: 

➢ Exploration
➢ Age of Discovery
➢ Christopher Columbus
➢ Vasco de Gama
➢ Ferdinand Magellan
➢ Amerigo Vespucci
➢ Francisco Pizzaro
➢ Hernán Cortés
➢ Prince Henry the Navigator 

➢ Bartholomeu Dias
➢ Jacques Cartier
➢ Marco Polo
➢ John Cabot
➢ Zheng He
➢ Leif Erikson
➢ Diogo ​Cão
➢ Vasco Núñez de Balboa 

Exploration:​ ​The action in which a person travels through an unfamiliar area in order to discover or learn more about it. 

Age of Discovery: 

●  The age of discovery went from the ​early 15th to the early 17th century​.
●  Europe travelled around the world to​ find new trading routes and partners especially in India​. They wanted to trade ​gold, silver, and spices​.
●  Before trying to find a sea route to India, ​Europe had to pay a lot of taxes to Italy and the Ottoman empire in order to infiltrate Asia’s trading system​.
●  They found that​ if they spent more money trying to get into Asia, they wouldn’t be able to spend money on trading goods they were looking for, such as spices from India.
 

Christopher Columbus: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration: ​Spain
●  Life: ​1451 - 1506
●  Exploration Achievement:
    ○ He found the sea route across the Atlantic ocean to the Americas (1492) 

Vasco de Gama: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration: ​Portugal
●  Life:​ unknown (late 1400s) - 1524
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○ Found a sea route from Portugal to Asia by going around the cape of good hope in South Africa (1498) 

Ferdinand Magellan: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration: ​Portugal
●  Life:​ 1480 - 1521
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○ Organized the first circumnavigation of the earth 

Amerigo Vespucci: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration:​ Italy
●  Life: ​1454 - 1512
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○ The Americas are named after him because he discovered that there was a North and South America 

Francisco Pizzaro: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration: ​Spain
●  Life: ​1478 - 1541
●  Exploration Achievement:
    ○  Traveled through the Pacific Coast of America along Peru
    ○  Discovered and conquered the Incan Empire and stole gold, silver, and other Incan treasures 

Hernán Cortés: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration:​ Spain
●  Life:​ 1485 - 1547
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○  Explored land around present day Mexico
     ○  Conquered Aztecs
     ○  Claimed Mexico for Spain
 

 Prince Henry the Navigator:

●  Country Represented through Exploration: ​Portugal
●  Life: ​1394 -1460
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○  Never sailed on an exploration...
     ○  ...but he funded Portugal's maritime discoveries and expansion
     ○  Made the school of navigation to endorse his love for navigation
 

Bartholomeu Dias​:
●  Country Represented through Exploration: ​Portugal
●  Life: ​1450 - 1500
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○ Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, 10 years before Vasco de Gama would complete the route to Asia. 

Jacques Cartier​: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration: ​France
●  Life:​ 1491 - 1557
●  Exploration Achievement:
    ○  He was the first one to navigate, describe, and map the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the shores of St. Lawrence River which was in present day Canada
    ○  Claimed Canada for France
 

Marco Polo​:
●  Country Represented through Exploration:​ Italy
●  Life:​ 1254 -1324
●  Exploration Achievement:
    ○ The first to describe advanced technologies in China as well as Asia 

John Cabot​: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration:​ Great Britain
●  Life:​ 1450 - disappeared May 1498
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○  Developed the idea of sailing towards the west to reach Asia
     ○  He found America but in a further expedition he disappeared 

Zheng He: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration:​ China
●  Life:​ 1371 - 1433
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○ He went on seven major expeditions around the world to establish Chinese trade in new areas. 

Leif Erikson​: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration:​ Iceland
●  Life:​ 970 - 1020
●  Exploration Achievement:
      ○ The first known European to set foot in continental North America (excluding Greenland) 

Diogo ​Cão​: 

●  Country Represented through Exploration:​ Portugal
●  Life:​ 1450 - 1486
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○  Had two major voyages traveling along the west coast and Africa
     ○  Explored the Congo River and coasts of Angola and Namibia

 Vasco Núñez de Balboa​:
●  Country Represented through Exploration:​ Spain
●  Life:​ 1475 - 1519
●  Exploration Achievement:
     ○  Established the first settlement in South America (in Panama)
     ○  Led an expedition to find gold in the Pacific ocean 

In this lesson: 

-  Slavery
-  History of Slavery
-  Slave Rebellions
-  The Abolitionist Movement
-  Missouri Compromise
-  Kansas-Nebraska Act
-  John Brown’s Raid
 

Slavery: 

●  A​ forced labor system where people are treated as property allowing people to own, buy, and sell other people.
●  The ​enslaved person, who is working for free, cannot quit working for their owner without permission.
●  Slaves were of ​African descent
 

History of Slavery: 

● ~ 13th century: Slavery began in Africa 

     ○ About 1⁄3 of Africa’s population was being sent throughout the country to perform forced labor for wealthy landowners. 

●  ~ 15th century: Portugal becomes the 1st European country to infiltrate the African slavery system
     ○  Kidnapped slaves from west coast regions in Africa
     ○  Forced them to fulfill their labor requirements
     ○  Took 235 people and put them up for sale in Portugal 

●  Other European countries, such as Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands begin to gain slaves from Africa
●  1444: Atlantic Slave Trade begins
     ○ European countries begin to trade slaves with Africa in exchange for wealth 

● Late 16th century: Triangular Trade begins
     ○ Trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe 

• Africa: Gave slaves to the Americas 
• Americas: Gave raw materials (cotton, sugar, tobacco) to Europe
• Europe: Gave manufactured goods (guns, drinkware, ironware) to Africa 

●  Middle Passage:
     ○  The journey during the triangular trade of the slaves from Africa to the Americas
     ○  About 10% - 15% (2-4 million) of slaves died during this journey due to starvation, disease, or shock
●  1619: Slavery begins in America
     ○  American trade slaves as property in order to fulfil labor requirements
     ○  Continued until the Aboltion of Slavery

Slave Rebellions:
●  When slaves were tired of being treated as property, they thought starting a rebellion could help them be free
●  They occurred in ​all places that slavery was practiced
●  Some famous slave rebellions included...
     ○  Nat Turner’s Rebellion
     ○  German Coast Uprising
     ○  Stono Rebellion
     ○  The New York Slave Rebellions
     ○  Amistad Ship Revolt 

The Abolitionist Movement:
●  The ​movement to end slavery
●  Gained strength between the​ 1830’s-1860’s
●  The Underground Railroad was a part of it
●  Important People:
     ○  Fredrick Douglass
     ○  William Lloyd Garrison
     ○  Harriet Tubman
     ○  Harriet Beecher Stowe
     ○  William H. Seward
     ○  Thaddeus Stevens
 

Missouri Compromise:
●  Passed in​ 1820
●  Established Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
●  Made to maintain balance between the North and South in the U.S. Senate 

Kansas-Nebraska Act: 

●  1854
●  Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
●  Allowed people within each state to decide whether slavery would allowed there
 

John Brown’s Raid :
●  On ​Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
●  October 16, 1859 - October 18, 1859
●  John Brown ​wanted to initiate a slave revolt in the southern states and in order to do this, he took over the United States arsonal
●  Some people call this ​“the dress rehearsal” for the Civil War
●  October 17, 1859: ​A company of U.S. marines led by ​Col. Robert E. Lee​ and ​Lt. J.E.B.
Stewart ​arrived
     ○ On October 19, 1859: ​The soldiers overpowered Brown and his men, and 10 of his men were killed (2 of them being his sons) 

● Brown was found guilty of treason and murder by the State of Virginia 

     ○ He was later executed