Literature

What is figurative language?
● Figurative language is a ​way to get your message across by going beyond the literal meaning of words. 

What are the types of figurative language? 

● Simile
● Metaphor
● Oxymoron
● Hyperbole
● Idiom
● Personification 

● Symbolism
● Alliteration
● Onomatopoeia 

● Irony 

How to identify the types of figurative language? 

● Simile 

   ○  Compares one thing with another using words such as “like” and “as”
  ○  Example: She is innocent ​as​ an angel. 

● Metaphor
  ○  Compares one thing to another without a word to connect, just states that something is something else
  ○  Example: ​She is an angel. 

● Oxymoron
   ○  When two words that seem contradictory are used together to describe something, but they make sense in a way
   ○  Example: They are ​alone together​. 

● Hyperbole
   ○  An exaggeration of something
   ○  Example: I could ​eat a horse​! 

● Idiom
   ○  A phrase that is not meant to be taken literally, but is meant to convey a meaning relevant to the situation
   ○  Example: Two ​peas in a pod​ are really ​similar​ but​ ​different​. 

● Personification 

   ○  Give objects characteristics of human beings
   ○  Lightning ​danced​ in the sky.
● Symbolism
   ○  Using an item to convey an idea
   ○  Example: We put out a ​red​ alert.
● Alliteration

     ○  Repetition of sounds or letters is used in one sentence
    ○  Tongue Twisters
    ○  Example: ​P​eter ​P​i​p​er ​p​icked a ​p​eck of ​p​ickled ​p​e​pp​ers.
● Onomatopoeia
    ○  Words are used to describe a sound
    ○  Example: ​Boo!​ I’m a ghost.
● Irony
    ○  When a statement is made: Completely opposite from reality
    ○  Sarcasm
    ○  Example: ​I made fun of Pokemon at a Pokemon Card Convention. 

What are story graphs? 

●  Story graphs are ​pictures that show the plot of the story
●  They help students understand narrative texts
●  They show the basic structure of the story
 

What are the parts of the story graph? 

1. Exposition/Introduction 
2. Rising Action 
3. Conflict 
4. Climax 
5. Falling action/denouement 
6. Resolution/Conclusion
    

How to find parts of the story graph? 

1. Exposition/Introduction
    a. Introduces the setting, story, and characters 

2. Rising Action
   a. Actions/conflicts that build up to the climax 

3. Conflict
    a. Conflict rises bring the story closer to the turning point, or climax 

4. Climax 

     a. Usually near the end of the story, contrary to the appearance of the story graph, it is not always the most exciting part of the story, but it is the turning point of it. 

     b. Things reach a point here. 

     c. It could be a big fight or it could be the decision to get ready to go to sleep, or anything, depending on the story. 

5. Falling action/denouement 

     a. Events that follow the climax, these show more about the climax and its effects on the story. 

6. Resolution/Conclusion 

     a. This ends the story and in most stories, wraps up everything that was not previously determined. 

     b. It settles things. 

     c. Some books/series will not have a strong conclusion. Hopefully the author wrote it that way as an artistic choice, because the only other explanation is that they forgot about some of the conflicts of the story. 

What is narration? 

●  Point of view
●  Way a story is told
●  Told in point of view of either a​ character​, a ​spectator​ (someone watching), or the
author
 

What are the types of narration? 

● 1st Person Point of View 

    ○ Character is narrating the story 

● 2nd Person Point of View 

   ○ Spectator talking about a character 

● 3rd Person Point of View: Omniscient 

   ○ Author or narrator telling the audience every detail from multiply point of views (several characters) 

● 3rd Person Point of View: Limited
  ○ Author or narrator telling the audience every detail from one point of view (one character) 

How to identify each type of narration? 

●  1st Person Point of View
    ○  Uses the words: ​I, me, myself
    ○  Limited because it’s the point of view of one character
    ○  Biased because the character is talking about themselves 

●  2nd Person Point of View
    ○  Uses the words: ​you, yours
    ○  Pulls the reader into the story’s action
    ○  Makes the story personal
●  3rd Person Point of View: Omniscient
    ○  Uses the words: ​they, them, theirs, he, she, his, hers
    ○  Narrator talks about all thoughts of all characters
    ○  Nothing is hidden from the reader 

●  3rd Person Point of View: Limited
    ○  Uses the words: ​they, them, theirs, he, she, his, hers
    ○  Narrator talks about all thoughts from one character
    ○  Can be used to hide important information 

●  Which Witch by Eva Ibbotson
●  Animal Farm by George Orwell
●  The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
●  Percy Jackson and the Olympians by Rick Riordan
●  Smile by Raina Telgemeier
●  Roller Girl by Victoria Jamieson
●  The Winnie Years series by Lauren Myracle
●  Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder
●  A Mango Shaped Space by Wendy Mass
●  11 Birthdays by Wendy Mass
●  Dear Dumb Diary by Jim Benton
●  The Power of Poppy Pendle by Natasha Lowe
●  To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
●  A Break With Charity by Ann Rinaldi
●  The Fourteenth Goldfish by Jennifer L. Holm
●  Inside Out & Back Again by
●  Listen, Slowly by Thanhá Lai
●  Stargirl by Jerry Spinelli
●  Hatchet by Gary Paulsen
●  Dead End in Norvelt by Jack Gantos
●  Holes by Louis Sachar
●  Island of the Dolphins by Scott O’Dell
●  The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett
●  The Witch of Blackbird Pond by Elizabeth George Speare