Grammar

What is a sentence?

●  A sentence has ​two basic parts​: the ​subject ​and the ​predicate​. 

     ○ The subject is ​the person​, ​place​ or ​thing performing the action​, or ​what/whom the sentence is about. 

     ○ The predicate is the ​action​ in the sentence.

● A sentence ​ALWAYS​ has punctuation at the end. The punctuation can be the period, the question mark, or the exclamation point.

● T​he first letter of a sentence is capitalized. 

What types of sentences are there? 

1) Declarative (Statement.) Sentence 

●  Most common​ type of sentence
●  Ends with a ​period
●  Statement
●  Tells us something
      ○ He likes to eat pizza. 

2) Interrogative (Question?) Sentence 

●  Question
●  Ends with a ​question mark
●  Asks a question
     ○ What is your favorite food? 

3) Imperative (Command./!) Sentence 

●  Command
●  Ends with a ​period​ or an ​exclamation point
●  Tells us to do something (Perform an action)
     ○ Clean your room. 

      ○ Stop!

4) Exclamatory (Exclamation!) Sentence 

●  Exclamation
●  Ends with an ​exclamation point
●  Shows excitement or surprise
     ○ That was fun! 

What is a Part of Speech? 

● Parts of a sentence or​ groups of words ​with similar grammatical purposes​. 

● 9 Parts of Speech 

What are the Parts of Speech? 

1) Noun 

●  Needed​ in a sentence
●  Person​, ​place​, ​thing​, or ​idea
     ○ Examples: girl, box, park 

●  Regular​ or ​Proper
    ○  Proper nouns are ​specific​ people, places, things, or ideas
    ○  Example: ​A​lex, ​V​irginia
    ○  First letters of proper nouns are always capitalized
●  Singular​ or ​Plural
     ○  Singular ​(One)
     ○  Plural ​(Many)
●  Can be ​possessive
     ○  Add ​‘s​ to make possessive
     ○  Example: Maya​’s​ cat
 

2) Verb
●  Needed​ in a sentence
●  Action​ word
     ○ Example: ​eat, sleep, need 

●  Main​ or ​helping
    ○  Helping verbs: ​help express​ the main verb
    ○  Example: ​Can sing​ (​can-helping​; ​sing-main​)
●  Different​ when expressing tense (past, present, future) 

      ○  Past​-helped ​(add -ed)
     ○  Present​-help (​stays the same)
     ○  Future​-will help​ (add will) 

3) Adjective 

●  Describes a noun or pronoun
●  Answers ​Which one? What kind? How many?
    ○ Example: ​red ​ball ● Possessive​ Adjectives 

     ○  These are put​ before nouns or pronouns ​to show who owns them
    ○  ‘s​ is always added
     ○  Example: ​Bob’s​ cat
 

4) Pronoun
●  A word that ​substitutes​ a ​noun​ in a sentence
●  Subject​ Pronouns
     ○ Personal pronoun used as the ​subject​ of the verb: ​I, you, he, she, it, we, they 

● Object​ Pronouns
   ○ Pronouns that ​receive the action​ in the sentence: ​me, you, him, her, us, them, whom 

● Possessive​ Pronouns 

    ○ Pronouns that ​indicate ownership​, such as: ​mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, etc. 

● Reflexive​ Pronouns
   ○ When a person is talking about themself ​(always ends with -self or -selves): myself, himself, herself, themselves, etc. 

5) Adverb 

●  Describes a verb, adjective or other adverb
●  Often are ​before or after the part of speech they describe
●  Usually end in ​-ly
     ○ Example: gent​ly​, careful​ly​, extreme​ly
● Adverbial Phrases (show when, where, how, and why) 

    ○ She won 1st place​ in the science fair​. (Shows ​where​) ● Never describes a noun 

6) Preposition 

●  Word placed ​before a noun or pronoun​ to make a phrase
●  There are​ 150 prepositions
     ○ Examples: ​by, with, about, until, from ● Form ​prepositional phrases 

      ○  Used as an ​adjective or adverb​ in a sentence
     ○  Example: This gift is ​from​ my friend​.
 

7) Conjunction
● Words that ​link sentences, words, phrases, or clauses together 

○ Examples: ​and, but, if ● 3​ types: 

    ○  Coordinating Conjunctions​, placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank: ​for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 

    ○  Subordinating Conjunctions​ links a dependent clause to an independent clause: ​After, once, until, etc​.
   ○  Correlative Conjunctions​ connect two balanced clauses, phrases words, or sentences: ​Both..and, Either...or, Neither...nor

 8) Interjection
●  A ​sudden remark​ in speech
●  Expresses a ​spontaneous​ feeling/reaction
●  Can happen ​any time in or out of a sentence​, they appear in many ​different
ways: ​Hmm, Ah!, Oh, Help, Oops!, Aw!, Aha!, etc. 9) Articles
●  Used to ​describe a noun
●  A​, ​An​, or ​The
●  Definite Articles
     ○  The
     ○  When the speaker and listener are talking about ​something obvious or
exact
     ○  Example: ​The book (They ​know​ what book it is)
●  Indefinite Articles
     ○  A​, ​An
     ○  When the speaker and listener are talking about ​something ​not​ obvious or exact
     ○  Example: ​A book (They ​don’t know​ what book it is)
     ○  An​ is used when the noun makes a ​vowel sound
     ○  Example: ​An ​e​ssay
 

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